Glossary

A structured approach designed to help individuals overcome addictions and compulsions. Originating from Alcoholics Anonymous, it involves acknowledging powerlessness, seeking a higher power, and engaging in self-examination and amends. Participants attend regular meetings for support and accountability. Examples include Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA).

Also known as ACT, Acceptance and commitment act therapy is a therapeutic approach that focuses on accepting thoughts and feelings while committing to actions aligned with one’s values. It encourages mindfulness, cognitive defusion, and behavioural flexibility. The goal is to enhance psychological flexibility, enabling individuals to respond more effectively to life’s challenges. ACT is used for various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and chronic pain.

A compulsive engagement with a substance or behaviour despite negative consequences. A loss of control characterises it, continued use or engagement despite harm, and often involves physical and psychological dependence. Common types include substance addiction (e.g., drugs or alcohol) and behavioural addiction (e.g., gambling or gaming).

A specialised field of psychiatry that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of substance use disorders and other addictive behaviours. Addiction psychiatrists are trained to address the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to addiction. Treatment may involve medications, psychotherapy, and counselling to help individuals manage and overcome their addictive behaviours.

In a general context, “admissions” refers to the process of gaining entrance or acceptance into a particular institution, programme, or event. In addiction care, it can specifically pertain to a patient’s entry into a rehab or other medical facility.

Alprazolam is a prescription medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class, commonly used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. It enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, leading to a calming or sedative effect. Due to its potential for dependence and withdrawal symptoms, alprazolam is usually prescribed for short-term use. Common brand names include Xanax.

Ambien is a brand name for the medication zolpidem, which is commonly prescribed to treat insomnia and certain sleep disorders. Ambien is intended for short-term use and is typically taken just before bedtime to help individuals fall asleep faster and improve the quality of sleep.

Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that affects chemicals in the brain and nerves, leading to increased attention and decreased impulsiveness and hyperactivity. It is commonly prescribed to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Brand names for amphetamine medications include Adderall and Dexedrine.

Analgesics are a class of medications primarily designed to relieve pain. There are various types of analgesics, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and opioids. NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and aspirin, reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting certain enzymes. Acetaminophen is known for its pain-relieving and fever-reducing properties but lacks significant anti-inflammatory effects. Opioids, like morphine and oxycodone, are potent pain relievers that act on the central nervous system.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image that leads to self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss. Individuals with anorexia often have an obsessive preoccupation with food, dieting, and body size, and they may engage in restrictive eating, excessive exercise, or other behaviours to control their weight. The disorder can have severe physical and mental health consequences, including malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, and emotional distress.

ARFID is an eating disorder characterised by limited food preferences, avoidance of certain textures or smells, and a reluctance to try new foods, which results in inadequate nutrition and impaired functioning. Unlike other eating disorders, ARFID is not driven by concerns about body weight or shape but is primarily related to sensory sensitivities, fear of aversive consequences, or a lack of interest in eating.

Art therapy is a form of expressive therapy that utilises the creative process of making art to improve mental, emotional, and physical well-being. It is a therapeutic technique that can be used with individuals of all ages, including children, adolescents, and adults. The goal of art therapy is not necessarily to create a masterpiece but to encourage self-expression, self-discovery, and emotional healing.

Assessment refers to the systematic process of gathering, evaluating, and interpreting information to understand and make informed decisions about a person, situation, or subject. It is used across various fields, including education, psychology, healthcare, and business, to gather data and draw conclusions for diagnosis, evaluation, or decision-making. In healthcare, assessments may include medical evaluations, diagnostic tests, and patient interviews to determine health status and treatment options.

Behavioural addiction involves compulsive and repetitive behaviours that provide pleasure but have negative consequences. Examples include gambling, internet/gaming, shopping, exercise, food, and work addictions. Unlike substance addictions, these focus on specific activities.

Benzodiazepines are sedative drugs prescribed for conditions like anxiety and insomnia. They work by enhancing the activity of a neurotransmitter called GABA. Examples include Valium and Xanax. Due to the risk of dependence, they are usually prescribed for short-term use.

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) involves recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a short time, with a sense of loss of control. Unlike bulimia, there are no compensatory behaviours.

Bromazepam is a benzodiazepine medication prescribed for short-term relief of anxiety and related disorders. It enhances the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA, producing a calming effect on the central nervous system.

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption, often accompanied by a sense of lack of control. These episodes are followed by behaviours such as forced vomiting, excessive exercise, or fasting to prevent weight gain.

Chlordiazepoxide is a medication classified as a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed to treat anxiety and alcohol withdrawal symptoms.

Clorazepate is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class, commonly prescribed to treat anxiety disorders. Clorazepate is typically used for short-term relief and should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Codeine is an opioid analgesic, a type of medication used to relieve pain. Derived from the opium poppy plant and classified as a narcotic, Codeine is an opioid analgesic, a medication used to relieve pain. It is often prescribed for mild to moderate pain relief and can be found in combination with other medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a widely used and evidence-based therapeutic approach that aims to identify and modify negative thought patterns and behaviours contributing to emotional distress or mental health issues. It is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy that emphasises the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

Demerol, also known by its generic name meperidine, is an opioid analgesic used for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Demerol is typically prescribed for short-term pain management, such as post-surgical pain or severe injuries, but carries various risks, such as addiction.

Detox, short for detoxification, refers to the process of removing toxic substances or harmful substances from the body. In the context of substance use, detox specifically involves the elimination of drugs or alcohol from the body, usually under medical supervision. The goal of detoxification is to manage withdrawal symptoms safely and help individuals achieve a drug-free or alcohol-free state.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a therapeutic approach that combines cognitive-behavioural techniques with mindfulness and acceptance strategies. It was initially developed to treat individuals with borderline personality disorder but has since been adapted for various mental health conditions, including mood disorders, eating disorders, and substance use disorders.

Diazepam is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class, commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety, muscle spasms, and certain seizure disorders. Diazepam is also used as a sedative before certain medical procedures. As with other benzodiazepines, diazepam carries the risk of dependence and withdrawal symptoms, so it is typically prescribed for short-term use.

Dilaudid is a brand name for the opioid analgesic hydromorphone. It is prescribed to relieve moderate to severe pain. As an opioid, Dilaudid works by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system, altering the perception of pain. Due to its potency, Dilaudid is often used in situations where other pain medications may be less effective.

Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions characterised by unhealthy eating habits and often a preoccupation with food, weight, and body image. Eating disorders can have severe physical and psychological consequences, including malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, and emotional distress.

Family therapy, also known as family counselling or systemic therapy, is a form of psychotherapy that involves working with individuals and their families to address and resolve issues affecting the overall family dynamic. The goal of family therapy is to improve communication, enhance understanding, and promote positive changes within the family unit.

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic that is used medically for pain management, particularly in cases of severe or chronic pain and during certain medical procedures. Fentanyl is much more potent than other opioids like morphine and is typically reserved for situations where other pain medications may be less effective.

Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy where a trained therapist facilitates a therapeutic session with a small group of individuals who share common concerns or issues. It provides a supportive and confidential space for participants to discuss their experiences, gain insights, and receive feedback from both the therapist and other group members.

Holistic therapy is an approach to healing that considers the individual as a whole, addressing physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects to promote overall well-being. The core principle is the interconnectedness of these different aspects of a person’s life. Holistic therapy recognises that an imbalance in one area can affect the entire well-being. Holistic therapy is often used in conjunction with conventional medical treatments, and its effectiveness can vary based on individual preferences and needs.

Hydrocodone is an opioid analgesic commonly prescribed for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Hydrocodone is often combined with acetaminophen or ibuprofen in various formulations to enhance pain relief. Due to the opioid epidemic and the potential for addiction, healthcare providers often consider alternative pain management strategies and reserve hydrocodone for situations where other pain medications may be less effective.

Hydromorphone is a potent opioid analgesic derived from morphine and is often prescribed for acute pain, chronic pain, and post-surgical recovery.
Given the potential for opioid-related risks, healthcare providers often assess the individual’s pain level and overall health before prescribing hydromorphone.

“Legal highs” is a term that has been used to refer to substances that mimic the effects of illegal drugs but are not yet classified as controlled substances. These substances are often designed to circumvent drug laws and regulations. However, the term can be misleading, as the legality of these substances may change as authorities identify and ban them. These substances, also known as novel psychoactive substances (NPS) or designer drugs, can include synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones (commonly known as bath salts), and various other chemical compounds. They may be sold under different names, marketed as research chemicals, or labelled as “not for human consumption” to avoid legal restrictions.

Librium is a brand name for the medication chlordiazepoxide, which belongs to the benzodiazepine class. It is commonly prescribed to treat anxiety disorders and to provide short-term relief from symptoms of anxiety. Additionally, Librium may be used to manage withdrawal symptoms associated with alcoholism.

Lorazepam is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class, commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders and certain types of seizures.

Luxury rehab refers to rehabilitation facilities that offer high-end, upscale amenities and services along with comprehensive addiction treatment programmes. These facilities aim to provide a more comfortable and luxurious environment compared to traditional rehabilitation centres. The term “luxury rehab” typically implies an exclusive and premium experience for individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse or behavioural addictions.

Methadone, a synthetic opioid medication, is crucial in the treatment of opioid dependence. It addresses the management of withdrawal symptoms and supports long-term maintenance for individuals recovering from opioid addiction by reducing opioid cravings.

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy plant. It is widely used for the management of moderate to severe pain, particularly in medical settings such as post-surgery or during serious medical conditions like cancer. Morphine is an important tool in pain management, but its use requires careful consideration of the individual’s health, pain level, and potential for dependence.

Music therapy is a form of expressive therapy that uses music to address the physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals. It is employed to address a wide range of conditions, including stress, anxiety, depression, developmental disabilities, and chronic pain.

Night Eating Syndrome is an eating disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of eating during the night, often waking up to consume food. Individuals with NES typically consume a significant portion of their daily caloric intake during the night, and the eating episodes are often accompanied by a sense of loss of control.

Nitrazepam is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class, commonly prescribed for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Due to the risk of dependence, long-term use is generally avoided, and alternative approaches to managing insomnia may be explored.

Opioids are a class of potent medications that are derived from or chemically resemble compounds found in the opium poppy plant. Opioids are commonly prescribed for the management of moderate to severe pain, particularly after surgery or injury, and they are also used in certain medical conditions, such as cancer-related pain.

Orthorexia nervosa is a term used to describe an obsession with healthy eating and an extreme focus on consuming foods that the individual perceives as pure, clean, or healthy. Unlike other eating disorders that are characterised by a concern with the quantity of food, orthorexia is primarily centred around the quality of food.

OSFED stands for Other Specified Feeding Eating Disorder and encompasses a range of disordered eating patterns and behaviours that do not fit the criteria for other specific eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Examples of conditions that might fall under OSFED include atypical anorexia nervosa (where individuals meet most criteria for anorexia but do not have a low weight), purging disorder (regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviours without binge eating), and night eating syndrome.

Oxazepam is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class, commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders and alcohol withdrawal symptoms.

Oxycodone is the generic name for an opioid analgesic that can be found in various immediate-release formulations. Immediate-release oxycodone is short-acting and is often prescribed for managing pain on an as-needed basis.

OxyContin is a brand name for a specific extended-release formulation of oxycodone. OxyContin is designed to release oxycodone gradually over an extended period, providing long-lasting pain relief. OxyContin is typically prescribed for chronic pain conditions where continuous pain management is required.

Painkillers, also known as analgesics, are medications designed to alleviate or manage pain. There are various types of painkillers, including non-prescription (over-the-counter) and prescription medications.

Percocet is a prescription medication that combines two active ingredients: oxycodone, an opioid analgesic, and acetaminophen, a non-opioid pain reliever. It is used for the management of moderate to severe pain.

Pica is a disorder characterised by the persistent consumption of non-nutritive, non-food substances over a period of at least one month, and the behaviour is developmentally inappropriate. Non-food items ingested in pica can vary widely and may include paper, soap, cloth, hair, wool, soil, chalk, talcum powder, metal, pebbles, charcoal, ash, clay, starch, or ice, among others.

Prescription drugs are medications that can only be obtained with a written order or prescription from a licensed healthcare professional such as a doctor, nurse practitioner, or dentist. These medications are regulated to ensure their safe and effective use, and they often require professional guidance due to potential risks, side effects, or the need for specific monitoring.

Purging disorder is an eating disorder characterised by recurrent purging behaviours, such as self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. Unlike bulimia nervosa, individuals with purging disorder do not engage in regular episodes of binge eating. Instead, they use purging behaviours as a way to control weight or shape, often in response to normal or small amounts of food.

Rehab therapies are a range of medical interventions aimed at restoring physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being in individuals struggling with addiction. These therapies, led by professionals like physical therapists and psychologists, focus on adaptive strategies, support and trauma acknowledgement. The goal is to enhance independence and improve quality of life through personalised, interdisciplinary approaches.

Rehabilitation treatment encompasses a comprehensive and structured approach to aiding individuals in overcoming various physical, mental, or behavioural challenges. This therapeutic process aims to restore and enhance a person’s functional abilities, independence, and overall well-being. In the context of substance abuse, rehab treatment often involves detoxification, counselling, and education to support individuals in achieving and maintaining sobriety.

Rohypnol, also known by its generic name flunitrazepam, is a powerful sedative and hypnotic drug that belongs to the benzodiazepine class. Originally developed for the treatment of severe insomnia, Rohypnol gained notoriety due to its misuse as a “date rape drug” or a substance used to facilitate sexual assault.

Rumination disorder is a feeding or eating disorder characterised by the repeated regurgitation of food, which is then re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. Unlike other eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa, individuals with rumination disorder do not engage in these behaviours as a way to control weight or in association with a disturbance in body image. Instead, the regurgitation is often unintentional and may occur without apparent distress.

Sleeping pills, also known as hypnotics or sleep aids, are medications designed to help individuals with insomnia or other sleep disorders to initiate and maintain sleep.

Support groups are gatherings of individuals who share common experiences, challenges, or goals and come together to provide mutual assistance, understanding, and encouragement. These groups can be invaluable for emotional support, information-sharing, and fostering a sense of community. Support groups exist for a wide range of issues, including health conditions, mental health, addictions, grief, caregiving, and more.

Temazepam is a prescription medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as benzodiazepines. It is primarily prescribed to treat insomnia, a sleep disorder characterised by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

Tramadol is an opioid analgesic, a type of prescribed pain medication. It is used to relieve moderate to moderately severe pain.

“Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder” (UFED) was a term used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) to describe a category of eating disorders that did not fit the specific criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge-eating disorder. The term has since been replaced by the broader category known as “Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder” (OSFED).

Valium is a brand name for diazepam, a medication that belongs to the benzodiazepine class of drugs. Valium is commonly prescribed for various medical conditions, primarily related to anxiety and muscle spasms.

Vicodin is a brand name for a combination medication that contains two active ingredients: hydrocodone and acetaminophen. Vicodin is prescribed for the relief of moderate to severe pain as the combination of hydrocodone and acetaminophen provides enhanced pain relief, allowing for lower doses of each component.

Xanax is a brand name for alprazolam, a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class. Xanax is commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders, as it acts quickly, often providing rapid relief.

Yoga is a mind-body practice that originated in ancient India and has evolved over thousands of years. It combines physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), meditation, and ethical principles to promote overall health and well-being.

Zolpidem is a medication primarily used to treat insomnia, a condition characterised by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. It is a sedative-hypnotic drug that belongs to a class known as non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Zolpidem is commonly sold under various brand names, including Ambien, Ambien CR, and others.

Zopiclone is a medication used to treat insomnia, a condition characterised by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. It is a sedative-hypnotic drug that belongs to the class of cyclopyrrolones. Zopiclone is commonly prescribed under various brand names, including Imovane and Zimovane.